Modern Biotechnological Techniques Research Articles

Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation for the Development of Transgenic Crops; Present and Future Prospects.

Plant transformation based on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is a technique that mimics the natural agrobacterium system for gene(s) introduction into crops. Through this technique, various crop species have been improved/modified for different trait/s, showing a successful genetic transformation so far. This technique has many advantages over other transformation methods such as stable integration of transgene, cost effective. However, there are many limitations of this technology such as mostly the crops are recalcitrant to agrobacterium, low transformation efficiency, transgene integration as well as off targets. So, it's very important to explore the major limitations and possible solutions for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in order to increase its genetic transformation efficiency. Therefore, the present review article gives a comprehensive study how the transgenic crops are developed using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, crops that have already been modified through this method, and risks associated with transgenic plants based on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Moreover, the challenges and problems associated with Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and how those problems can be solved in future for a successful genetic transformation of crops using modern biotechnology techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9 systems. The present review article will be really helpful for the audience those working on Genome editing of crops using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and will opens many ways for future plant genetic transformation.

In-silico study of protein-protein interactions in wheat blast using docking and molecular dynamics simulation approach

Despite advancements in agricultural research and the introduction of modern biotechnological and farming techniques, food security remains a significant issue. Although the efforts of farmers to meet the demands of a growing population, many plant diseases caused by pathogens, through their effects on cell division and tissue growth, lead to the annual loss of countless food crops. The recently emerged wheat blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum (MoT) poses a significant danger to worldwide wheat cultivation. The fungus is a highly varied lineage of the M. oryzae, responsible for causing rice blast disease. In spite of being a significant challenge to successful wheat production in South America since 1985, the underlying biology of the wheat blast pathogen is still not fully understood. The initial outbreak of the wheat blast in South Asia had a severe impact on wheat production, resulting in a complete loss of yield in affected fields. For the purpose of enhancing disease management, it’s vital to acquire a comprehensive comprehension of the infection biology of the fungus and its interaction with wheat plants on molecular levels. Host-pathogen protein interactions (HPIs) have the potential to reveal the pathogens’ mechanism for overcoming the host organism. The current study delves into the interactions between the host plant wheat and MoT through protein-protein interactions, molecular docking, and 100 ns molecular dynamic simulations. This research uncovers the structural and functional basis of these proteins, leading to improved plant health and production. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Biotechnological approaches for the production of gymnemic acid from Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.

Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects several organs and can be treated using phytochemicals found in medicinal plants. Gymnema sylvestre (Asclepiadaceae) is one such medicinal plant rich in anti-diabetic properties. The plant is commonly known as madhunashini in Sanskrit because of its ability to cure diabetes (sugar). Gymnemic acid(GA) is a phytochemical (a triterpenoid saponin) responsible for the herb's main pharmacological activity. This secondary metabolite has a lot of potential as a phytochemical with pharmacological properties including nephroprotection, hypoglycemia, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory. Gymnema has acquired a lot of popularity in recent years due to its low side effects and high efficacy in healing diabetes, which has led to overexploitation by pharmaceutical enterprises for its biomass in the wild for the purification of gymnemic acid. Modern biotechnological techniques involving the establishment of cell and organ cultures from G. sylvestre will assist us in fulfilling the need for gymnemic acid production. The present review provides insights on the establishment of cell and organ cultures for the production of a potent antidiabetic molecule gymnemic acid. Further, the review also delves into the intricacies of the different strategies for improved production of gymnemic acid using various elicitors. There is huge potential for sustainable production of gymnemic acid which could be met by establishment of bioreactor scale production. Understanding and engineering the biosynthetic pathway could also lead to improved GA production. KEY POINTS: • Gymnemic acid is one of the potential anti-diabetic molecules from madhunashini • Cell and organ culture offers potential approach for gymnemic acid production • Elicitation strategies have improved the gymnemic acid production.

Approaches for in vitro propagation and production of plumbagin in Plumbago spp.

The genus Plumbago (family Plumbaginaceae), commonly known as leadwort, is a sub-tropical shrub that produces secondary metabolite plumbagin, which is employed by pharmaceutical companies and in clinical research. Plumbagin is a potent pharmaceutical because of its anti-microbial, anti-malarial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-fertility, anti-plasmodium, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and other effects. This review documents the biotechnological innovations used to produce plumbagin. The use of modern biotechnological techniques can lead to a variety of benefits, including better yield, increased extraction efficiency, mass production of plantlets, genetic stability, increased biomass, and more. Large-scale in vitro propagation is necessary to minimize over-exploitation of the natural population and allow the use of various biotechnological techniques to improve the plant species and secondary metabolite production. During in vitro culture, optimum conditions are requisites for explant inoculation and plant regeneration. In this review, we provide information on various aspects of plumbagin, depicting its structure, biosynthesis, and biotechnological aspects (both conventional and advanced) along with the future prospects. KEY POINTS: • Critical assessment on in vitro biotechnology in Plumbago species • In vitro propagation of Plumbago and elicitation of plumbagin • Biosynthesis and sustainable production of plumbagin.

Organoleptic Quality Characteristics Research of Sauces from Secondary Aquatic Biological Resources

Currently, the use of concentrate sauces and semi-finished products based on broth from natural raw materials is relevant. When processing fish, it is rational to redirect the fish bones and scales to the sauces manufacture, since they have a high content of flavoring substances. The study aim is to develop descriptive organoleptic quality cha racteristics of sauce from secondary aquatic biological resources produced on the basis of silver carp bones and scales and carapace-containing raw materials of crawfish using modern biotechnological techniques. The recipe composition of the sauce includes fish bones and scales, carapace-containing raw materials of crawfish, the enzyme preparation “Alkalase 2.4 L FG”, carrots, onions, celery, bay leaf, salt, black pepper, guar gum. The re searchers identified the most significant identification sensory signs for the sauce, and built a descriptors panel; developed a descriptive scoring scale for evaluating organolep tic quality indicators of sauce from secondary aquatic biological resources; gave possible inconsistencies and a regulated reduction in the maximum organoleptic evaluation score of the sauce. A man run a qualimetric study of experimental samples considering the coef ficients of quality indicators significance; developed a reference sensory profile of sauce from secondary aquatic biological resources using the descriptor-profile method of tast ing analysis. The authors substantiated the sensory characteristics interrelation of the de veloped sauce with the chemical composition of the feedstock and production technology, with the glutamic and aspartic acids content in the fish scales of silver carp and the natural red pigment content in the shell of crawfish – astaxanthin. The obtained developments enable to run the organoleptic evaluation and quality control process of sauce products from secondary aquatic biological resources reliably and objectively, directly at the food industry enterprises.

Traditional and Recent Approaches for the Development of Animal Vaccines. A Review

Objective: To show new trends in the field of vaccinology and spread awareness among population regarding vaccination of animals and successfully controlling spread of diseases Study Design: This is a review study for the development of animal vaccines and was conducted from September, 2021 to June, 2022 at IMBB Department, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan. Review of Literature was collected on traditional and recent approaches for the development of veterinary vaccines and gathered for the awareness among the field of veterinary vaccinology. Methodology: Animals provide food and clothing in addition to other value-added products. Changes in diet and lifestyle have increased the consumption and the use of animal products. Infectious diseases in animals are a major threat to global animal health and its welfare; their effective control is crucial for agronomic health, for safeguarding food security and also alleviating rural poverty. Development of vaccines has led to increased production of healthy poultry, livestock, and fish. Animal production increases have alleviated food insecurity. Before year 2000, most veterinary vaccines were from inactivated organisms that were formulated with an oil-based adjuvant or live attenuated vaccines. Results: The discovery of antigen/gene delivery systems has facilitated the development of novel prophylactic and therapeutic veterinary vaccines. Uses several bioinformatics algorithms to predict antigen localization and it has been successfully applied to immunize against many veterinary diseases. Vectors and pathogens that may lead to emergent diseases in animals. Preventing transmission of emerging infectious diseases at the animal–human interface is critically important for protecting the world population from epizootics and pandemics. Hence, there is a need to develop new vaccines to prevent diseases in animals. An area of veterinary vaccination that needs more research and discussion is vaccine interference. The phrase itself is ambiguous and might mean either a condition in which immunization against one disease may weaken the protective immunity established by immunization against another, or a circumstance in which the presence of maternally derived antibodies prevent immunization in newborn animals. Practical implication: This study will provide awareness among community about veterinary vaccines and will develop a disease-free state for pets.Vetrinary vaccines not only prevent diseases in animals but also stops their spread among humans. Conclusion: This review examines some of the main topics that have emerged in the veterinary vaccine field with the use of modern biotechnology techniques. In addition, development of effective vaccines has led to healthier companion animals. However, challenges remain including climate change that has led to enhancement in vectors and pathogens that may lead to emergent diseases in animals. Preventing transmission of emerging infectious diseases at the animal–human interface is critically important for protecting the world population from epizootics and pandemics. Hence, there is a need to develop new vaccines to prevent diseases in animals. Keywords: Vaccines, Toxin, Immunization, Antibodies, Antigen, Host.

Caffeoyl-CoA 3-O-methyltransferase gene family in jute: Genome-wide identification, evolutionary progression and transcript profiling under different quandaries.

Jute (Corchorus sp.), is a versatile, naturally occurring, biodegradable material that holds the promising possibility of diminishing the extensive use of plastic bags. One of the major components of the cell wall, lignin plays both positive and negative roles in fiber fineness and quality. Although it gives mechanical strength to plants, an excess amount of it is responsible for the diminution of fiber quality. Among various gene families involved in the lignin biosynthesis, Caffeoyl-CoA 3-O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) is the most significant and has remained mostly unexplored. In this study, an extensive in-silico characterization of the CCoAOMT gene family was carried out in two jute species (C. capsularis L. and C. olitoroius L.) by analyzing their structural, functional, molecular and evolutionary characteristics. A total of 6 CCoAOMT gene members were identified in each of the two species using published reference genomes. These two jute species showed high syntenic conservation and the identified CCoAOMT genes formed four clusters in the phylogenetic tree. Histochemical assay of lignin in both jute species could shed light on the deposition pattern in stems and how it changes in response to abiotic stresses. Furthermore, expression profiling using qPCR showed considerable alteration of CCoAOMT transcripts under various abiotic stresses and hormonal treatment. This study will lay a base for further analysis and exploration of target candidates for overexpression of gene silencing using modern biotechnological techniques to enhance the quality of this economically important fiber crop.

Cleome gynandra: A wonder climate-smart plant for nutritional security for millions in semi-arid areas.

Spider plant (Cleome gynandra) is predominantly used as a traditional leafy vegetable throughout Africa and is considered a rich natural source of essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals and proteins. With the increase in malnutrition, diet related non-communicable diseases and poverty across the continent of Africa, the spider plant is a bona fide alternative healthy food crop to alleviate these challenges. Spider plant is an erect annual herb that could grow up to 150 cm tall, strongly branched, with a long taproot and few secondary roots. It is commonly consumed in resource-poor communities especially during times of major food scarcity. It is a drought-tolerant and resilient annual vegetable crop capable of growing well in a wide range of climatic and edaphic conditions. Despite the potential benefits and wide adaptability, progressive attempts towards the development of C. gynandra as a crop have been impeded by issues like low investment in research and development resulting in poor seed quality, relatively low yields and susceptibility to pests and diseases. In this paper, we reviewed the research that has been done regarding its morphology, growing conditions, production and utilisation (i.e., nutrition). The current review highlighted the status of the science in advancing the domestication of C. gynandra as a potential power crop for several African countries. The review concluded that with the advancement of modern biotechnology techniques and genome sequencing, there is a compelling case for investment and development in C. gynandra as a candidate for managing micronutrient deficiencies during the post-pandemic era. Finally, the existing knowledge gaps (e.g., breeding) that necessitate explorations were identified and recommendations that could enhance its development and potential commercialisation were made.

Strategic management of contaminated water bodies: Omics, genome-editing and other recent advances in phytoremediation

Due to excessive industrialization, urbanization and rising level of pollutants, the water bodies are continuously exposed to diverse group of toxic pollutants whose concentration, chemical forms and bioavailability in the aqueous system are governed by natural geochemical cycles as well as human activities. Chemical form or species of these toxic compounds or heavy metals is governed by the prevailing specific physical and chemical parameters like pH, salinity, dissolved organics, hardness and sedimentary load which impacts their mobility, bio-availability and hence toxicity. To overcome the challenging situation, an increased emphasis has been given on in-situ innovative technologies like phytoremediation, capable of detoxification of contaminated water bodies. The use of inherent aquatic plants along with recent omics tools can improve their phytoremediation ability to a great extent. These plants have an extensive root system which can filter and immobilize sediments, contaminants, fertilizer and pesticide run-off thereby reducing water pollution. Thus, the assortment and improvement of plants phytoremediation ability using the modern biotechnological tools and techniques, can be a suitable approach for successful remediation of contaminated water bodies. This review article focuses on the different biotechnological strategems like omics, proteomics, genomics, metabolomics and CRISPR in order to ameliorate the phytoremediation potential of the aquatic plants. The recent ground-breaking advancements to achieve desired genetic modification uses, CRISPR technology, to transfer a target set of genes to be assimilated into the plant genome of interest. Two variants of this technology, i.e. CRISPR-Cas9 as well as CRISPR-Cpf1 can be used for producing knock-outs, making gene substitutions, and targeting transcription and its regulation in the particular plant genome, to improve its phytoremediation efficiency.

Factors affecting the processes of androgenesis during wheat anthers cultivation (review)

The current study was carried out in order to analyze the literature devoted to the researches of a number of factors affecting the processes of androgenesis in vitro in wheat anther culture. Triticum aestivum L. is one of the most stable food crops in the world. An important step for wheat breeders is to improve the productivity potential with appropriate grain quality and resistance to unfavorable environmental factors. In order to improve and speed up the breeding process, a targeted selection of the initial material is required with the involvement of donors according to the main limiting traits and properties. In this regard, the use of modern breeding methods and biotechnological techniques, which make it possible to quickly obtain a new initial material with desirable economically valuable traits becomes an urgent issue. The use of haploidy methods, namely, the development of plants with a single set of chromosomes from an immature wheat anther culture (androgenesis), has great prospects for such work. According to the researchers, the efficiency of the method in vitro depends on many factors, such as influence of a genotype, growing conditions, a selection period, pre-treatment, a nutrient medium formula and cultivation conditions. According to some critical reviews, a genotype dependence, low efficiency, and albinism can pose serious limitations to the application of the anther culture method. However, other research groups have made significant efforts to reduce the impact of these negative factors. Due to continuous improvements, the well-established method of anther culture cultivation in vitro can be an effective way to develop wheat varieties and lines with the desired traits and properties. 

Optimization of in vitro sterilization for pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) rootstocks

Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is one of the leading edible nut consumed all over the World due to its nutritional values. The plant is cultivated in most of the countries alongwith Turkey which is one of the the leading grower of pistachio. In Turkey, the rootstock material is currently propagated through traditional methods and there is a need of propagating plant material using modern biotechnological techniques like plant tissue culture. The provision of contaminated free explants with minimum or no phenolic compounds in the culture medium is the prerequisite of in vitro regeneration protocol. The plant material used in this study was collected at different physiological stages during different months like April- June and Sep-October. The plant material was cut into 2-3 cm long nodal segments followed by cleaning with different agents like water, soap and fungicide prior to subjected to sterilizing agents. Different sterilizing agents used in this study were HgCl2, Huwa-san (H2O2) and commercial bleach (NaOCl) for both rootstocks (UCB-1 and Buttum) with different exposure time. Sterilized explants were cultured on MS basal medium containing plant growth regulators and subcultured once a week for three weeks. Results revealed that HgCl2 as sterilizing agent was more superior than other sterilizing agents for both rootstocks. Among rootstocks, UCB-1 was more responsive than Buttum and relatively more sterilized plants were attained. On the other hand, plant material collected during June responded better and 90.0% and 50.0% sterilzied plants were attained for UCB-1 and Buttum respectively. The results revealed the significant impact of collection time, sterilizing agent type, concentration and exposure time on sterilization of P. vera rootstocks.

The influence of ultraviolet radiation and photoprotection on the skin aging process. Assessment of the awareness of beauticians and cosmetologists

Cosmeceuticals are preparations that are described in numerous scientific and popular science works as combining the features of a drug and a cosmetic. They are cosmetics, but unlike the traditional ones, they contain a high concentration of active ingredients, usually plant-based, obtained with the use of modern pharmacy, biotechnology and molecular biology techniques. The aim of the study was to present, based on scientific literature, cosmeceuticals as multi-ingredient products and their impact on human skin. Active substances contained in cosmeceuticals cause their more intense action than traditional cosmetics. Therefore, they should be used based on the professional advice of a cosmetologist, pharmacist or doctor.

Cosmeceuticals. Composition and effects

Cosmeceuticals are preparations that are described in numerous scientific and popular science works as combining the features of a drug and a cosmetic. They are cosmetics, but unlike the traditional ones, they contain a high concentration of active ingredients, usually plant-based, obtained with the use of modern pharmacy, biotechnology and molecular biology techniques. The aim of the study was to present, based on scientific literature, cosmeceuticals as multi-ingredient products and their impact on human skin. Active substances contained in cosmeceuticals cause their more intense action than traditional cosmetics. Therefore, they should be used based on the professional advice of a cosmetologist, pharmacist or doctor.

Technological solutions and prospects for obtaining protein preparations and composites from legumes

To eliminate the deficit of proteins in the diet of humans and animals, as an alternative to polymers of animal origin, modern methods and technological solutions for isolating preparations from various types of plant materials with modern physicochemical and biotechnological techniques are being developed. The most effective are the methods and processes with enzyme preparations, eliminating the destruction of the structure and composition of protein fractions of raw materials, in contrast to solutions of acids and alkalis. Protein preparations from peas and chickpeas, having a high biological value, along with polypeptides, also contain useful biologically active substances (fiber, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, etc.), the presence of which benefits human body and animals. The analysis of the state of production of leguminous crops in the country indicates that, on the existing domestic raw material base, the production of food and feed protein concentrates from pea and chickpea grain is promising to organize with the maximum preservation of biological value, composition and properties. It is also advisable to use biosynthetic processes with various types of fungal and / or bacterial enzymes, physical and physico-chemical methods of exposure to obtain safe products with high yield. In order to obtain a balanced diet of humans and animals, along with ensuring the complementarity of amino acids, it is advisable to include minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, etc., in the form of additives or by synthesis of functional ingredients from components of leguminous raw materials with selected microorganisms.

Iron and zinc oxide nanoparticles: An efficient elicitor to enhance trigonelline alkaloid production in hairy roots of fenugreek

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a rich source of important medicinal metabolites. This plant belongs to the Fabaceae family that grows anywhere around the world. It is extensively used in medicine and as a food additive. Several secondary metabolites are detected in fenugreek, especially a valuable alkaloid called trigonelline. Enhancing the production of secondary metabolites is possible through the application of modern biotechnological techniques such as culturing hairy roots. In the present study, different strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes (ATCC11325, ATCC15834, A4, A7, A13, and K599) were used for hairy root induction from fenugreek cotyledon explants. Then, the effect of various levels (x, 2x, and 4x concentrations of B5 medium) of iron oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles were evaluated on growth, total phenolic, flavonoids, and trigonelline content of hairy roots. The growth curve analysis revealed an increase in the fresh and dry weight of treated hairy roots, as compared with the control. The highest levels of fresh (1.49 g) and dry weight (1.23 g) were obtained in hairy roots which were induced by the ATCC11325 strain and were treated with Zn (2x). The results indicated that using Zn nanoparticles on hairy roots can lead to higher levels of trigonelline, compared with the control group (i.e. transformed hairy roots without NPs).

НЕКОТОРЫЕ ПРОДУКТИВНЫЕ КАЧЕСТВА ОВЕЦ САЛЬСКОЙ ПОРОДЫ И РАЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ ПЕРЕРАБОТКА БАРАНИНЫ

The development of socially significant food products based on the introduction of breeding and genetic innovations and the use of modern biotechnological techniques will reduce the cost of production, the costs of transporting, storing and processing raw materials, and also, due to the increase in the profitability of all links in the technological chain, will increase the competitiveness of domestically produced food products. Increasing the production of meat products, expanding the range, increasing their biological value, as well as creating new generation products that meet the requirements of a healthy diet, are urgent tasks for the meat industry. The article is devoted to the study of the biological characteristics of sheep of different genetic potential and the development of a recipe and technology for a lamb meat product using non-traditional plant components. In order to increase the production volumes of the sheep breeding industry, it is necessary to use the genetic potential of breeds of domestic and foreign breeding, which affects the economic and biological characteristics and the level of animal productivity, to the maximum. We have studied the productive characteristics of sheep of different genetic potential in the production of competitive mutton and products of its processing. The article substantiates a new rational technology for the production of meat loaves using inulin and pumpkin powder. Despite the development of the production of synthetic forms of food additives, interest in the expanded use of non-traditional types of plant materials is constantly growing. The study was conducted at the Department of Food Technologies and Commodity Science, Don State Agrarian University. Experimental samples were made containing different amounts of herbal ingredients, the dose of inulin and pumpkin powder was established in the product, and the organoleptic evaluation was determined. On the basis of organoleptic and physico-chemical studies, a rational formulation of the product is proposed.

From ‘mad cow’ crisis to synthetic biology: challenges to EU regulation of GMOs beyond the European context

This paper provides a historical and legal perspective of EU regulation on genetically modified organisms (GMOs)—through its initial development to its current position—in view of major advancements of modern molecular biotechnologies used for agriculture. We argue that the emergence and development of EU regulation of GMOs were shaped by antecedent events, notably bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or ‘mad cow disease’ and the public fears that ensued around food safety. These regulatory emergencies were a key factor prompting national governments and EU institutions to work out the framework for the application of the precautionary principle to agricultural biotechnology. Moreover, while modern biotechnology techniques eliminate many of the perceived health and safety risks of earlier predecessors, the EU regulatory framework has been slow to keep up, lacking the proper regulatory tools that allow for a balanced policy approach towards the techniques underlying genome editing and synthetic biology. Difference in approaches to the regulation of GMOs between the EU and US, to a large extent, precipitated the transatlantic conflict over agricultural biotechnology. Specifically, a significant incompatibility between the application of the precautionary principle in the EU and the substantial equivalence in the US to assess GM food and feed risk was the main reason for the international trade dispute. The ruling of the Court of Justice of the European Union that genome editing techniques will not be warranted exemption from authorisation process suggests that EU policy on agricultural biotechnology is likely to remain stringent. This may complicate the progress of synthetic biology and render the EU vulnerable to future food security and economic contingencies.

ЭКСПРЕССИЯ ПОВЕРХНОСТНОГО АНТИГЕНА BRUCELLA ABORTUS ОМР16 В РАСТЕНИИ NICOTIANA BENTHAMIANA

Brucellosis is one of the most contagious and infectious diseases with high incidence rates of cattle and humans in Kazakhstan. Using modern biotechnology techniques to develop vaccines that are reliable and affordable for farmers is an alternative solution to the problem. Plant viruses are often used as a vector for obtaining the expression of antigens of the pathogen. The grape virus A (BAB) is widely used among plant viruses. Brucella membrane proteins are the main objects of this research for futher development of vaccines or diagnostic texts against brucellosis, Membrane proteins (OMPs) are cell specific surface antigens that are immunogenic. OMPs are ideal candidates for the production of recombinant brucellosis vaccines. The object of the study was the outer membrane protein (Omp16), which plays an important role in the suppression of TNF-α production in macrophages. In this study, molecular cloning and analysis of the expression of the Omp16 gene, which was used to express the recombinant protein in plants, was carried out. We selected brucella from the vaccine strain of Brucella abortus 19, and the plant Nicotiana benthamiana, as the subjects for our research, since they widely used for the production of recombinant proteins, and they both appropriate for molecular genetic research. A viral vector was constructed to express the brucellosis antigen Omp16 in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Nineteen explants were used for the regeneration of transgenic plants. As a result of this studies, the introduced gene of Omp16 was under the subgenomic promoter control of the ORF4 and was successfully expressed while maintaining the efficiency of expression in transgenic plants. The efficiency of viral vectors was evaluated at the level of transcription during expression of the protein Omp16 with viral proteins. The entire leaf blade was infiltrated; the density of Agrobacteria was 0.7. We were able to obtained transgenic plants Nicotiana benthamiana carrying the gene of capsid protein BAB, and the expression of the membrane antigen Omp16 in the viral vector was achieved by replacing the ORF4 with the Omp16 gene. The development of transgenic plants was carried out using agrobacterial transformation.

Growth and development of potato plants <i>in vitro</i>: correlations of indicators in potato varieties under <i>in vitro</i> conditions

Relevance. At present in the region the range of potatoes does not meet modern phytosanitary requirements, there is a decrease in potato yield over a long period of time. [1–6, 14]. Modern biotechnology techniques have undeniable advantages and allow for the early development of potato starting material to determine future crop crossing patterns. Effective implementation of such works is ensured by careful selection of accounts and observations of the growth and development of potato clones.Methods. The material is potato clones in vitro. The aim of these studies is to study the growth and development of potato plants in vitro in microlonal reproduction.Results. As a result, the influence of signs of correlation relationships in plants-regenerants of potatoes of 6 varieties (Lubava, Ilinsky, Rodrigo, Handsome, Alvara and Velikan) on the indicators of development of the above-ground part of the plant (height of plants and number of intersections), as well as indicators of rhizogenesis (number and length of roots) was found. Both the positive relationship of the characteristics of the number of intersections, the height of plants, and the negative relationship of the characteristics in potato varieties under in vitro conditions have been established here. With higher plant height, there is a tendency to increase the number of intersections, the biomass of the plant, and the length of the roots in the varieties Handsome, Alvara, Rodrigo. The Great variety did not show a direct relationship between plant height and the mass of leaves, stems. The standard Lubava variety reflected a weakly negative relationship between plant height and root length. The variety Ilinsky did not depend on the height of the plants and the length of the roots, which cannot be noted in the varieties Handsome, Rodrigo and Alvara. According to the selected varieties, the largest correlation coefficient of plant height and root length is observed in Beauty variety (r = 0.69), then in Alvar variety (r = 0.43), Rodrigo variety (r = 0.20). The remaining varieties had a weak correlation.

Ethnobotanical study and phytochemical profiling of Heptapleurum hypoleucum leaf extract and evaluation of its antimicrobial activities against diarrhea-causing bacteria

BackgroundDue to the development of superbugs as a result of unprescribed and frequent use of antibiotics in recent years, an alternate form of medicine had to be introduced. In light of this global threat, researchers all over the world have been gravitating towards herbal medicines. In order to find out new ways of saving the planet using medicinal plants, ethnobotanical studies must be carried out. Concerning this, an ethnobotanical study has been done in this paper to identify potential medicinal plants in Rangamati, Bangladesh. ResultsFor the ethnobotanical survey, randomized 104 people were interviewed and 62 different plant species were found to treat 19 different kinds of diseases and 84% of people reported to be completely recovered. Furthermore, among the 19 diseases found, the majority of them were common cold, abdominal pain or gastric, diarrhea, and dysentery. From the 62 different plant species, Heptapleurum hypoleucum, used for the treatment of diarrhea, was selected for conducting further studies due to its heavy use as reported by the tribal people. In this study, the aqueous, ethanol, and methanol extracts of Heptapleurum hypoleucum were subjected to microbial susceptibility assays using the agar well diffusion method. The test microorganisms were Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Escherichia coli. Among these, the most susceptible organisms were Staphylococcus aureus (21 mm) and Salmonella typhi (19 mm) in the ethanolic extract. Also, the methanolic extract showed an inhibition zone of 13 mm against E. coli, which was more than that of the antibiotic’s (11 mm). Phytochemical screening of the plant revealed that it contains alkaloids, phenols, steroids, and flavonoids, but lacks saponins and tannins. ConclusionTo combat the rising threat of antibiotic resistance, ethnoscience needs to be consolidated with modern biotechnological techniques to make the most use of the vast amount of natural resources. The findings of this study indicate that Heptapleurum hypoleucum, an ethnobotanical medicinal plant, has shown comparable antimicrobial activity with commercial antibiotics against several diarrhea-causing pathogens and also contains several medically important phytochemicals.